FORESTRY
PAPER II
Section A
1. Forest Management and Management Systems :
Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and
dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock;
regulation of yield; management of forest plantations, commercial forests,
forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-specific planning, (ii)
strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, (iv) Monitoring
(v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of
Village Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.
2. Forest Working Plan :
Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches
for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and
forest industries development; working plans and working schemes, their role in
nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions; preparation and
control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.
3. Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing :
Methods of measuring - diameter, girth, height and volume of
trees; form-factor; volume estimation of stand, current anuual increment; mean
annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation; yield
and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote sensing; Geographic
Information Systems for management and modelling.
4. Surveying and Forest Engineering :
Forest surveying - different methods of surveying, maps and map
reading. Basic principles of forest engineering. Building materials and
construction. Roads and Bridges; General principles, objects, types, simple
design and construction of timber bridges.
Section B
1. Forest Ecology and Ethnobotany :
Forest ecology - Biotic and
aboitic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation
concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient
cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging
salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of species, composition
and associations; dendrology, taxonomic classification, principles and establishment
of herbaria and arboreta. Conservation of forest ecosystems. Clonal parks,
Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine; Ayurveda
and Unani - Introduction, nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical
features of medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors affecting action and
toxicity of drug plants and their chemical constituents.
2. Forest Resources and Utilization :
Environmenatlly sound forest harvesting practices; logging and
extraction techniques and principles, transportation system, storage and sale;
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins,
oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants,
charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves, collection; processing and
disposal.
Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general
principles ofseasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam
heated and electrical
kilns. Composite wood; adhesives-manufacture,
properties, uses, plywood manufacture-properties, uses, fibre
boards-manufacture properties, uses; particle boards manufacture; properties
uses. Present status of composite wood industry in India in future expansion plans. Pulp-paper and rayon;
present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution,
utilization of plantation wood; problems and possibilities.
Anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood,
timber identification - general principles.
3. Forest Protection & Wildlife Biology :
Injuries to forest - abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies,
insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die
back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention,
protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control.
General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use
of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after
natural disasters. Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption
of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against
grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration, human
impacts; encroachement, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation
and control.
4. Forest Economics and Legislation:
Forest economics–fundamental
principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and supply; analysis of
trends in the national and international market and changes in production and
consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role of
private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate financing. Socioeconomic analyses
of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of forest goods and service.
Legislation–History of forest
development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1990. National Forest
Policy, 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, Involvement of
women; Forestry Policies and issues related to land use, timber and non-timber
products, sustainable forest management; industrialisation policies; institutional
and structural changes. Decentralization and Forestry Public Administration.
Forest laws, necessity; general principles, Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest
Conservation Act, 1980; Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and their amendments; Application
of Indian Penal Code to Forestry. Scope and objectives of Forest Inventory.
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