FORESTRY
PAPER-I
Section A
1. Silviculture - General:
General Silvicultural Principles : ecological and physiological factors influencing vegetation,
natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting
techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques-nursery beds, polybags
and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings; special
approaches; establishment and tending.
2. Silviculture - systems :
Clear felling, uniform shelter wood selection, coppice and
conversion systems. Management of silviculture systems of temperate,
subtropical, humid tropical, dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with
special reference to plantation silviculture, choice of species, establishment
and management of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints,
intensive mechanized methods, aerial seeding thinning.
3. Silviculture - Mangrove and Cold desert :
Mangrove : habitat and characteristics,
mangrove, plantation-establishment and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove
formations; silvicultural systems for mangrove; protection of habitats against
natural disasters.
Cold desert - Characteristics, identification
and management of species.
4. Silviculture of trees :
Traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research
and practices. Silviculture of some of the economically important species in
India such as Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia
lebbeck, Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba, Anogeissus latifolia,
Azadirachta indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrus
deodara, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblica
officindils, Eucalyptus spp, Gmelina Arborea, Hardwickia binata, Largerstroemia
Lanceolata, Pinus roxburghi, Populus spp, Pterocarpus marsupium, Prosopis
juliflora, Santalum album, Semecarpus anacardium,. Shorea robusta, Salmalia
malabaricum, Tectona grandis, Terminalis tomemtosa, Tamarindus indica.
Section B
1. Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and
Tribology :
Agroforestry - scope and necessity; role
in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning
especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge;
(iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and eco-system preservation
including ecological blances through pest-predator relationships and (v) providing
opportunities for enhancing bio-diversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna.
Agro forestry systems under different agro-ecological zones; selection of
species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and
fuel security. Research and Extension needs.
Social/Urban Forestry : objectives,
scope and necessity; peoples participation. JFM - principles,
objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs. Tribology -
tribal scene in India; tribes, concept of races, principles of social grouping,
stages of tribal economy, education, cultural tradition, customs, ethos and
participation in forestry programmes.
2. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management :
Forests Soils, classification, factors
affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties.
Soil conservation - definition,
causes for erosion; types - wind and water erosion; conservation and management
of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of
saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands.Role of forests
in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision
of loppings for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of
microorganisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM.
Watershed Management - concepts of
watershed; role of mini-forests and forest trees in overall resource
management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and
landslide controls,rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas;
watershed management and environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting
and conservation; ground water recharge and watershed management; role of
integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3. Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity :
Environment; components and importance,
principles of conservation, impact of deforestation; forest fires and various
human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects,
population growth on environment.
Pollution - types, global warming,
green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and control
measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of
trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air,
water and noise pollution. Environmental policy and legislation in India.
Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of watershed development
vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.
4. Tree Improvement and Seed Technology:
General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques,
variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects
of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests,
use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement, genetic
testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance to diseases,
insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources
and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.
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