HISTORY
PAPER – I
1. Sources:
Archaeological sources:
Exploration, excavation, epigraphy,
numismatics, monuments Literary sources:
Indigenous: Primary and secondary;
poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious
literature.
Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and
Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history:
Geographical factors; hunting and
gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and
chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley
Origin, date, extent,
characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures:
Distribution of pastoral and farming
cultures outside the Indus , Development of
community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and
Iron industry.
5. Aryans and Vedic Period:
Expansions of Aryans in India
Vedic Period: Religious and
philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic
period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age;
Evolution of Monarchy and Varna
6. Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada) :
Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth;
Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and
Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire:
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire,
Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts;
Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External
contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature. Disintegration of the empire;
Sungas and Kanvas.
8. Post - Mauryan Period
(Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas ):
Contact with outside world; growth
of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social
conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.
9. Early State and Society in
Eastern India, Deccan and South India :
Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil
States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade
guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art
and architecture.
10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:
Polity and administration, Economic
conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian
feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational
institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific
literature, art and architecture.
11. Regional States during Gupta
Era:
The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of
Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava
and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta;
Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas,
Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind;
Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and
Administration; local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious
sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature,
economy and society.
12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural
History:
Languages and texts, major stages in
the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools,
ideas in Science and Mathematics.
13. Early Medieval India
- Polity: Major political developments
in Northern India and the Peninsula , origin
and the rise of Rajputs
– The Cholas: administration,
village economy and society
- “Indian Feudalism”
- Agrarian economy and urban
settlements
- Trade and commerce
- Society: the status of the Brahman
and the new social order
- Condition of women
- Indian science and technology
14. Cultural Traditions in India
- Philosophy: Skankaracharya and
Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa - Religion:
Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam
and its arrival in India
- Literature: Literature in
Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing
languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India
- Art and Architecture: Temple
15. The Thirteenth Century:
- Establishment of the Delhi
Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success
- Economic, social and cultural
consequences
- Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and
early Turkish Sultans
- Consolidation: The rule of
Iltutmish and Balban
16. The Fourteenth Century:
- “The Khalji Revolution”
- Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and
territtorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures - Muhammad Tughluq:
Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq - Firuz
Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works,
decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account
17. Society, Culture and Economy in
the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
- Society: composition of rural
society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery
under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement
- Culture: Persian literature,
literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the
languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms,
painting, evolution of a composite culture - Economy: Agricultural production,
rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce
18. The Fifteenth and Early
Sixteenth Century – Political Developments and Economy:
- Rise of Provincial Dynasties:
Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat ,
Malwa, Bahmanids - The Vijayanagra Empire
- Lodis
- Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur
and Humayun
- The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s
administration
- Portuguese Colonial enterprise
- Bhakti and Sufi Movements
19. The Fifteenth and early
Sixteenth Century – Society and Culture:
- Regional cultural specificities
- Literary traditions
- Provincial architecture
- Society, culture, literature and
the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
20. Akbar:
- Conquests and consolidation of the
Empire
- Establishment of Jagir and Mansab
systems
- Rajput policy
- Evolution of religious and social
outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy
- Court patronage of art and
technology
21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth
Century:
- Major administrative policies of
Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
- The Empire and the Zamindars
- Religious policies of Jahangir,
Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
- Nature of the Mughal State
- Late Seventeenth century crisis
and the revolts
- The Ahom Kingdom
- Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom
22. Economy and Society in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:
- Population, agricultural production,
craft production
- Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a
trade revolution
- Indian mercantile classes,
banking, insurance and credit systems
- Condition of peasants, condition
of women
- Evolution of the Sikh community
and the Khalsa Panth
23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:
- Persian histories and other
literature
- Hindi and other religious
literature
- Mughal architecture
- Mughal painting
- Provincial architecture and
painting - Classical music
- Science and technology
24. The Eighteenth Century:
- Factors for the decline of the
Mughal Empire
- The regional principalities:
Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal , Awadh
- Maratha ascendancy under the
Peshwas
- The Maratha fiscal and financial
system
- Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle
- State of politics, culture and
economy on the eve of the British conquest
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