BOTANY
PAPER – II
1. Cell Biology:
Techniques of cell biology;
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - structural and ultra-structural details;
Structure and function of extra-cellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-cell
adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of
cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyo-somes ribosomes, endosomes,
lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus,
nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell
receptors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of cell
cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance;
Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes;
B-chromosomes – structure, behaviour and significance.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and
Evolution:
Development of genetics; Gene versus
allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple factors;
Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and
crossing over; Methods of gene mapping, including molecular maps (idea of
mapping function); Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex determination
and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular
basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of
male sterility). Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; Genetic
code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families;
Organic evolution – evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin
and evolution.
3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and
Biostatistics:
Methods of plant breeding –
introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection,
bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use
of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering – methods of
transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use
of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques - probe, southern
blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and coefficient
of variation (CV); Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square test); Probability
and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson); Correlation and regression.
4. Physiology and Biochemistry:
Water relations, mineral nutrition
and ion transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosynthesis – photochemical reactions;
photo-phosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways;
Mechanism of phloem transport; Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including
fermentation) – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation;
Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen
fixation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and
energy conservation; Importance of secondary metabolites; Pigments as
photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome); Plant movements;
Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth substances –
their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture; Growth
indices, growth movements; Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal);
Fruit and seed physiology; Dormancy, storage and germination of seed; Fruit
ripening – its molecular basis and manipulation.
5. Ecology and Plant Geography:
Concept of ecosystem; Ecological
factors; Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession; Concept of biosphere;
Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including
phytoremediation); Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act. Forest types
of India - Ecological and economic importance of forests, afforestation,
deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism, IUCN
categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area
Network; Convention on Biological Diversity; Farmers’ Rights and Intellectual
Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles;
Global warming and climatic change;
Invasive species; Environmental
Impact Assessment; Phytogeo-graphical regions of India
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