BOTANY
PAPER-II
1. Cell Biology: Techniques of
Cell Biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - structural and ultrastructural
details. Structure and function of extra cellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and
membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure
and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosome’s,
embosoms, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear
pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal
transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular basis of
cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their
significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes–structure,
behaviour and significance.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles).
Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over–methods
of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex
chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of
sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic
inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions
and prion hypothesis. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines.
Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Multigene families. Organic
evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.
3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding -- introduction, selection and
hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male
sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation
and genetic engineering–methods of transfer of genes and transgenic
crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding.
Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance
(Z-test, ttest and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal,
binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression.
4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water
relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies.
Photosynthesis–photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon
pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways.
Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation-electron transport chain
and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen
fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy
conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial
pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering,
vernalization,senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and
applications in agrihorticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress
physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy,
storage and germination ofseed. Fruit ripening -- its molecular basis and
manipulation.
5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological
factors. Concepts and dynamics ofcommunity. Plant succession. Concepts of
biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control
(including phytoremediation).Forest types of India -- afforestation,
deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data
Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and
Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cyeles. Global warming.
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